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加快建立现代饲草产业体系 推动饲草产业高质量发展

———农业农村部畜牧兽医局负责人就《“十四五”全国饲草产业发展规划》答记者问
2022-03-02 08:40:27 来源:农业农村部 阅读量:20478 评论

导读:今年中央一号文件明确提出,牢牢守住保障国家粮食安全底线。当前,粮食安全的主要压力在饲料粮,促进饲料粮减量的一个重要渠道就是增加饲草供应,减少牛羊养殖精饲料用量。

  【农机网 热点关注】 近日,农业农村部印发《“十四五”全国饲草产业发展规划》(以下简称《规划》)。记者就《规划》编制有关问题,采访了农业农村部畜牧兽医局负责人。
 
  问:专门编制饲草产业的发展规划,是出于什么考虑?
 
  答:《规划》是针对全国饲草产业发展的第一个专项规划。专门编制这个规划,主要基于三方面的考虑。
 
  首先,编制实施《规划》是筑牢国家粮食安全根基的迫切需要。今年中央一号文件明确提出,牢牢守住保障国家粮食安全底线。当前,粮食安全的主要压力在饲料粮,促进饲料粮减量的一个重要渠道就是增加饲草供应,减少牛羊养殖精饲料用量。2021年,粮改饲完成面积2000万亩以上,收储优质饲草5500万吨,牛羊养殖减用玉米和豆粕720万吨,相当于减少了2600万亩的玉米、大豆种植需求,节约耕地600万亩,实现了化草为粮的效果。
 
  其次,编制实施《规划》是加快补齐草食畜产品供给短板的迫切需要。近十多年来,我国居民对牛羊肉和奶类的需求持续快速增长,但国内生产发展相对滞后,造成这一局面的重要原因之一就是饲草特别是优质饲草供给不足。初步测算,要确保牛羊肉和奶源自给率的目标,对优质饲草的需求总量将超过1.2亿吨,尚有近5000万吨的缺口。随着《规划》的深入实施,苜蓿、全株青贮玉米等优质饲草的缺口将持续缩小,为增强草食畜产品供给提供有力保障。
 
  第三,编制实施《规划》是促进饲草产业高质量发展的迫切需要。近年来,在市场拉动和政策助力下,饲草产业发展初见成效,但由于我国饲草产业起步较晚,生产经营体系尚不完善,产业发展面临诸多困难挑战,亟需加强顶层设计。通过制定实施《规划》,专门谋划设计“十四五”期间饲草产业的发展思路和重点任务,有助于凝聚行业内外共识,汇聚各方面力量,推动饲草产业高质量发展。
 
  问:当前我国饲草产业发展现状如何,到“十四五”末的发展目标是什么?
 
  答:“十三五”以来,国家相继实施草原生态保护补助奖励、粮改饲、振兴奶业苜蓿发展行动等政策措施,草食畜牧业集约化发展步伐加快,优质饲草需求快速增加,推动现代饲草产业发展取得积极成效,突出表现在“产量增、质量优、模式多、作用大、效益好”五个方面。产量增,2020年,全国优质饲草产量约7160万吨(折合干重),比2015年增长2400万吨。全株青贮玉米、优质苜蓿平均亩产分别达到1050公斤、514公斤,分别提高19.6%、11.5%。质量优,饲草供种能力、生产组织化程度持续提高,饲草加工业快速发展,饲草产品质量稳步提升,90%的全株青贮玉米达到良好以上水平,苜蓿二级以上占70%。模式多,各地积极探索推广粮草轮作、豆禾混播或套种等特色模式,培育了一批饲草产业集群,饲草生产模式更加多元。作用大,优质饲草供应增加,促进了草食畜牧业提质增效。以奶牛为例,“十三五”期间奶牛单产从5.5吨提高到8.3吨,但每吨牛奶的精饲料用量减少了12%。在牧区,人工种草的持续发展加速了传统放牧养殖方式向舍饲半舍饲转变。效益好,玉米籽粒和秸秆一起全株饲用,土地产出率提高30%左右。盐碱地、滩涂上种植耐盐碱饲草,改良了土质,创造了土地增量。在河流、草原等生态保护重点区域发展人工种草,涵养了水源,减少了水土流失,遏制了草原退化、沙化、盐碱化趋势。成效很明显,但困难挑战也不少,当前,我国饲草产业发展面临种植基础条件较差、良种支撑能力不强、机械化程度偏低等制约,与发达国家相比还有不小差距。
 
  “十四五”时期,我们将以实施《规划》为抓手,以拓面增量、提质增效为主攻方向,优布局、壮主体、育良种、强支撑,加快建立规模化种植、标准化生产、产业化经营的现代饲草产业体系。聚焦保障草食畜牧业饲草需求和促进饲草产业高质量发展的要求,《规划》明确了到2025年的发展目标,全国优质饲草产量达到9800万吨,牛羊饲草需求保障率达80%以上,饲草种子总体自给率达70%以上,饲料(草)生产与加工机械化率达65%以上。
 
  问:各地自然条件和资源禀赋差异较大,《规划》对不同区域发展饲草产业提出了哪些针对性的要求?
 
  答:我们坚持因地制宜、分类施策,立足不同地区气候、水土等自然条件,围绕草食畜牧业优势区域来布局饲草生产,针对东北、华北、西北、南方及青藏高原等5个区域,科学规划了不同区域的饲草生产模式、主推品种、产品种类,指导各区域充分挖掘饲草生产潜力,引导资本、技术、人才等要素向优势区域集中,促进饲草供应与牛羊养殖规模、饲养模式相匹配,实现种养互促、草畜两旺。
 
  东北地区推行种养结合、就近利用模式,优先满足区域内饲草需求,鼓励有条件的地区发展商品草生产。华北地区调整玉米利用方式,推行种养一体化发展模式,提升区域内优质饲草自给能力。西北地区大力发展旱作节水饲草生产,打造全国重要的优质商品苜蓿草供应基地,建设饲草种业基地。南方地区推行特色化、差异化饲草发展模式,在适宜地区开展草山草坡改良及人工混播饲草放牧地建植与管理。青藏高原地区统筹推进人工种草和天然草原利用,保障区域内优质饲草均衡供应。
 
  问:“十四五”期间促进饲草产业发展的重点任务有哪些?
 
  答:“十四五”是我国饲草产业发展的重要战略机遇期。《规划》从四个方面提出了14项重点工作举措。一是推进苜蓿、全株青贮玉米、饲用燕麦等重要饲草生产集聚发展,在重点区域建成一批优质高产饲草基地,因地制宜推进饲草混播利用,强化牧区饲草保障。二是大力培育规模化集约化新型经营主体,引导龙头企业向饲草优势产区集中,培育一批种草养畜合作社和家庭牧场,扶持专业化生产性服务组织。三是深入推进良繁体系建设,加快培育一批区域适应性强、产量高、饲用价值优、抗逆性好、抗病性强、耐盐碱的饲草新品种,建设温带暖温带和热带亚热带饲草繁种核心区,支持各地因地制宜建设区域性饲草繁种基地,完善饲草种质资源保护体系。四是加快构建现代化加工流通体系,加大饲草产业化全程机械研发推广力度,支持便于商品化流通的饲草产品生产加工,开发多样化饲草产品,加强饲草流通、配送体系建设,推动产销有效对接。
 
  问:怎样保障《规划》提出的目标任务如期实现?
 
  答:《规划》已正式印发,关键是抓好落实。下一步,我们将认真贯彻中央农村工作会议和中央一号文件精神,落实农业农村部党组部署,推动《规划》提出的目标和措施落地见效。一是加强组织领导。指导各地畜牧兽医部门制定本地区饲草产业发展规划,积极主动协调相关部门,确保各项措施落到实处。二是加大政策支持。统筹用好各类财政专项资金和基本建设投资,探索推进土地经营权、大型种植机抵押贷款,鼓励有条件的地方探索开展饲草种植保险。《规划》以专栏形式具体介绍了饲草产业相关的重点扶持政策和重大工程。三是完善统计监测。建立健全饲草产业统计制度,建设完备高效的饲草统计监测体系,准确研判供需形势。四是增强科技支撑。组建“产、学、研、推”紧密结合的饲草产业科技创新平台,完善饲草产业标准体系,加快新品种、新技术、新产品示范与推广。五是强化法治保障。修订《草种管理办法》等部门规章,完善饲草产业管理法规制度体系,推进饲草产业规范化发展。
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