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关注!抗旱保夏播关键五问→
2024-06-20
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来源:全国农业技术推广服务中心 阅读量:16147
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导读:如何用好有限的水资源,确保夏播作物按期播种和顺利出苗?全国农技中心会同农业农村部节水农业专家指导组梳理了关注度较高的五个关键问题,科学指导抗旱保夏播工作。
【农机网 热点关注】 当前正值“三夏”时节,夏播作物占全年粮食的四分之一,是全年农作物种植承上启下的关键阶段,事关粮食安全“国之大者”。日前,农业农村部对河北、山西、山东、河南4省启动农业抗旱三级应急响应,财政部会同农业农村部下达农业生产防灾救灾资金4.43亿元,支持河北等7省受灾地区重点对浇水补墒等农业抗旱措施给予适当补助。如何用好有限的水资源,确保夏播作物按期播种和顺利出苗?全国农技中心会同农业农村部节水农业专家指导组梳理了关注度较高的五个关键问题,科学指导抗旱保夏播工作。
一、如何判断农田土壤墒情是否适合播种?
水分对种子发芽十分重要,玉米种子要吸收达到自身重量45%—50%的水分时才能正常发芽。土壤墒情是指农田水分状况对作物需水的满足程度。根据全国农技中心《土壤墒情监测技术手册》,在夏玉米和夏大豆播种期,土壤相对含水量75%—85%为适宜;65%—75%为不足,55%—65%为干旱,低于55%为重旱。土壤墒情在适宜范围时,玉米大豆出苗快,出苗率高。土壤过干,种子吸水不足,土壤湿度过大、氧气不足,均影响种子发芽出苗。
在没有监测设备的情况下,可采用简单的“手捏法”进行判断,就是把播种位置的土壤用手抓起来能攥成团,松手后用手拨能散开,这样的土壤湿度基本能满足播种出苗需求。如果不能成团则说明土壤过干,需要补墒;如果松手后用手拨不能散开,说明土壤过湿,需要散墒。所以,抓把土,捏一捏就知道了!
二、地面灌溉条件下,造墒播种与播后再浇蒙头水,哪种做法更好?
这个问题应视灌溉方法、作物种类和茬口时间等综合研判。地面灌溉在灌后通常地表会形成结皮,叠加气温高蒸发快,严重的土壤易板结形成较硬的表层土壳,对种子胚芽破土形成障碍。大豆、花生是双子叶植物,子叶出土,破土能力弱,如果采用播后浇蒙头水,胚芽鞘往往不能冲破灌溉后形成的结皮,导致出苗困难,出苗率低,故大豆、花生通常先造墒后播种。造墒时,应结合墒情状况合理确定灌水量,避免因灌水量过大造成土壤过湿,影响作物适期播种。玉米是单子叶植物,子叶留土,胚芽鞘破土能力强,能够破开结皮顺利出土,所以造墒播种和播后浇蒙头水均可。在生产实践中,华北黄淮地区夏收夏播茬口紧张,夏玉米宜及早播种,优先推荐先播种再浇蒙头水。如果先造墒后播种,造墒灌溉后需要晾晒几天,容易耽误农时。蒙头水应小水快灌,亩灌30—40方左右,避免过量灌溉造成地面积水或土壤含水量过高,高温天气下种子缺氧腐烂。
三、喷滴灌条件下,播前灌还是播后灌?
在喷滴灌条件下,灌溉水量小,以浸润灌溉为主,基本上不会形成表层结皮,对种子破土出苗基本没有影响。故不论种植何种作物,均建议先播种,再利用喷滴灌设施灌出苗水,喷滴灌设施可以是
滴灌带、
微喷带、卷盘式喷灌、大型喷灌、地埋伸缩喷灌等。该方式优点:
一是争抢农时,上茬小麦收获后马上就可以播种。
二是需水量少,只需湿润播种带0—20cm土壤,亩灌20—25方,较大水满灌节水60%以上,用节省的水灌溉更多的受旱耕地。
三是出苗率高,通过喷滴灌实现滴水出苗、一播全苗。
四是适水增密,通过喷滴灌以水带肥、肥随水走,精准供应水分养分,支撑增密种植,为单产提升奠定基础。
四、高温天气条件下夏玉米到底还能不能播种?播种后会不会造成玉米种子烫伤?
高温天气条件下夏玉米种子不会因温高失活。玉米种子在收获后首先要经过烘干,带穗烘干的温度一般为40—43℃,脱粒后种子烘干温度一般为38—40℃,烘干持续90个小时左右。由此可见,播种所需要的玉米种子就是在40℃左右的条件下进行烘干而生产出来的。如果说35℃以上的温度就能将玉米种子“烫伤”或“烫死”的话,那么我们从市场上购买的玉米种子早已失去了活力,不能再被用作种子来进行夏玉米生产。从气温与土壤温度的关系看。一般而言土壤表面温度要低于大气温度;夏玉米播种的适宜深度为3—5厘米,种子层所处的土壤温度则还要低。据科学观测,当近地大气温度达到35℃时,农田土壤表层温度大约为28—33℃,5厘米地温大约为25—28℃;而且秸秆覆盖也会明显降低土壤温度。因此,35℃以上的高温天气不会造成所谓的种子“烫伤”现象。此外,在气温较高的季节浇水还会使土壤温度降低,5厘米地温大约比不浇水的降3—5℃。
五、除灌水抗旱外,面对旱情还有哪些注意事项?
在积极灌水抗旱的基础上,为保障作物正常生长发育,还需关注以下几点。一是坚持科学用水。一般农业干旱影响面广、持续时间长,即使水资源充沛、喷滴灌设施便利区域,仍需科学用水、计划用水,切勿过量灌水,灌溉时要精量用水、地面无积水,摸清‘水账’家底、精准掌握储水用水情况,做好抗长旱、抗大旱准备。二是谨防旱涝急转。久旱地区突发高强度降雨很可能会旱涝急转,进而引发洪涝灾害,要密切关注天气形势、及时预警,统筹做好旱涝灾害防御工作;提前检修水泵、疏通好排灌沟渠,确保雨后能迅速排掉田间渍水,预防发生渍涝,防止田间积水。三是做好病虫草害预防。俗话讲“旱生虫、涝生病”,高温干旱利于蚜虫、黏虫、蓟马等害虫的繁殖和发生发展,尤其麦玉轮作地块小麦秸秆未离田、秸秆过多,是二点委夜蛾和玉米蓟马严重发生的因素之一,要随时做好田间观察,选用适宜药剂喷施防控各种病虫草害。
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