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黄河沿岸灌区盐碱地水稻简化高效育秧技术推广典型案例
2024-12-05
08:55:12
来源:鄂尔多斯市农牧局 阅读量:16964
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导读:典型推广区昭君镇沙圪堵村位于鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗西北部,属沿黄灌区,土地黏重,盐碱程度较高。
【农机网 科技创新】 一、典型推广区基本情况
典型推广区昭君镇沙圪堵村位于鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗西北部,属沿黄灌区,土地黏重,盐碱程度较高。水稻种植是盐碱地高效利用的有效途径,目前在该村已发展为主导产业,常年水稻种植面积2万亩左右,占到全市水稻种植面积的40%以上。育秧是水稻生产中最重要的环节,俗语有“秧好一半谷”的说法,2021年以来,依托自治区优质水稻绿色高效栽培技术协同示范推广项目,鄂尔多斯市、达拉特旗两级农技推广部门抓住沿黄灌区水稻育秧技术标准化程度不高,秧苗质量差,影响水稻产量的现实问题,着力开展试验示范和技术攻关,集成了盐碱地水稻简化高效育秧技术,并示范推广,有力地推动了当地水稻生产水平提高,促进了产业兴旺发展。
二、技术推广面积
2024年在该村大力推广盐碱地水稻简化高效育秧技术,技术覆盖1.4万亩稻田。
三、主要做法
一是认真组织实施自治区优质水稻绿色高效栽培技术协同示范推广项目,以问题为导向,精准开展试验示范,累计建设试验示范区4片,总面积730余亩,引进品种60余个,开展技术试验20余项次,在育秧环节明确了包衣干籽直播替代浸种催芽播种的可行性,为简化育秧程序创造了条件,在此基础上对育秧各重要环节进行了深入研究,筛选出了高产品种中科发5号,并明确了适宜播量和适宜秧龄等重要参数,综合集成了盐碱地水稻简化育秧技术,为育秧技术的革新奠定了科学基础;二是将技术推广与当地水稻产业发展深度融合,利用当地订单水稻发展契机以及生产规模化、精准化、标准化、高效化的优势,推进简化育秧等技术模式和成果转化落地。2024年当地订单水稻种植面积由上年的1.1万亩扩大到1.4万亩,全部采用简化育秧技术,说明该技术模式已受到主产区水稻种植户的广泛认可;三是在项目实施和技术推广过程中,与自治区农牧业技术推广中心、兴安盟农牧科学研究所、兴安盟粳稻研究所、内蒙古农业大学等上级推广部门和科研院校形成了稳定合作关系,构建了上下联动的协作模式,有力地保证了技术推广的质量,同时也为技术的持续优化提供了智力保障。
四、技术关键
该技术以包衣干籽直播为核心,采用流水线播种,播种量一般为110-120克/盘(包衣种子),播种后各大棚先集中摆盘,然后统一供水,可以确保出苗一致,方便后续统一管理。对于有返盐风险的大棚,可以在摆盘前预先在苗床上铺设地膜,隔离盐碱,避免秧苗受害。出苗后水肥、温度管理与传统浸种催芽相同,秧龄一般到35-40天可以起秧栽插。与传统浸种催芽方式相比,该技术简化了操作程序,降低了工作难度,可使单个育秧大棚的劳动用工减少2.5个,育秧成功率由70%左右提高到85%左右,单个育秧大棚可节本增效3400元左右。
五、推广效果
2024年在推广区内进行了多点测产,采用简化高效育秧技术并配套盐碱地高产高效管理的其他技术之后水稻平均产量可以达到649.9公斤/亩,较周边农户常规种植增产47.8公斤/亩,增产幅度达到7.94%,效果突出。2023年10月,自治区水稻高产竞赛专家组在技术推广示范区内选择代表性地块进行了实收测产,实收面积2.28亩,测得产量720.19公斤/亩(折算为14.5%标准水分),创造内蒙古西部沿黄灌区水稻最高产纪录。
来源:鄂尔多斯市农牧技术推广中心、种植业科
作者:苏伟、李娜
审核:徐鑫、刘星
校对:哈布日喜勒
编辑:任必歆
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